The bank regulator's final framework covers reserves, capital and custody for payment stablecoin issuers ahead of a January 18, 2027 start date

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has finalized its rule implementing the GENIUS Act. That turns the 2025 stablecoin law from a statute into an operating manual.

The rule takes effect on January 18, 2027. After that date, operating without approval stops being a paperwork problem and starts carrying criminal penalties.

The GENIUS Act, formally the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act, was enacted on July 18, 2025. The OCC issued its final implementing rule on October 21, 2026.

The effective date lands exactly 18 months after the law was signed. Issuers now have just under three months between the final text and the deadline.

The framework governs payment stablecoins issued by national banks and certain nonbank issuers that fall under OCC jurisdiction. A payment stablecoin is a digital token designed to hold a steady value and move money, rather than act as a speculative asset.

The rule’s core rests on three pillars: reserve backing, capital requirements and custody practices.

The final rule sets a $5 million capital floor for stablecoin issuers.

The rule also reaches into examination, supervision and related activities.

One notable carve-out: tokenized deposits are excluded from the payment stablecoin definition under the GENIUS Act. A bank putting traditional deposits on a blockchain is treated differently from a firm issuing a standalone stablecoin.

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Anti-money laundering and sanctions requirements are handled separately, in coordination with the Treasury Department. The OCC rule focuses on the prudential side: the money, the cushion and the vault.

The OCC first put out its proposed rules on February 25, 2026. The proposal was published in the Federal Register on March 2, 2026.

The final rule introduces more flexibility in how issuers manage reserve assets. It also eliminates restrictions that could have hindered innovation in yield and rewards arrangements.

The rule also offers a transition path. Waivers of up to 12 months can be granted to qualifying stablecoin applicants.

Existing US stablecoin issuers will seek to obtain those waivers to continue operating under the new guidelines.

Comptroller Jonathan V. Gould framed the framework as a tool to position the US as a leader in digital assets. He also pitched it as a practical regulatory approach as the stablecoin market continues to grow.

The most immediate consequence is a hard calendar. January 18, 2027 is now the line between operating legally and operating at risk of criminal penalties.

For incumbents, the waiver process becomes the near-term priority. A waiver of up to 12 months buys time, but it is a temporary pass, not a permanent license.

The $5 million floor creates a baseline that smaller or undercapitalized issuers must clear.

The tokenized deposit exclusion adds another layer to that calculation. Banks now face a choice between issuing a payment stablecoin under the new regime or tokenizing deposits under a separate treatment.

Open questions worth tracking include how quickly the OCC processes waiver requests and full applications before the deadline, and how the Treasury-led anti-money laundering and sanctions requirements mesh with the OCC’s prudential rules in practice.